What does gene expression refer to?

Gene expression specifically refers to the process by which information from a gene is utilized to synthesize a functional product, typically a protein. This process involves multiple stages, including transcription, where the DNA sequence of a gene is transcribed into messenger RNA (mRNA), and translation, where that mRNA is then used as a template to assemble amino acids into a protein. The functional products of gene expression are crucial for various cellular processes and determine the characteristics of an organism.

Understanding gene expression is fundamental because it links the genetic information encoded in DNA to the phenotypic traits observed in an organism. It is through this process that protein synthesis occurs, leading to the functioning of cells and ultimately the entire organism.